04.04 Interpretation of Serum Calcium and Serum Phophate Levels - Lecturio Endocrinology

Chapter 1 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 01. Introduction to the Endocrine System

• 01. Pituitary Hormones
• 02. Cell Surface Receptors
• 03. Steroid Hormone Receptors
• 04. Hormone Binding Proteins

Chapter 2 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 02. Endocrine Pharmacology

• 01.01 Insulin – Diabetes Medications
• 01.02 Insulin Types and Glycemic Excursions - Diabetes Medications
• 01.03 Secretagogues and Biguanides – Diabetes Medications
• 01.04 Metformin-Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors and Thiazolidinediones-Diabetes Medications
• 01.05 DPP-4 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Analogues – Diabetes Medications
• 01.06 SGLT2 Inhibitors – Diabetes Medications
• 01.07 Questions – Diabetes Medications
• 02.01 Overview – Adrenal Pharmacology
• 02.02 Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids – Adrenal Pharmacology
• 02.03 Catecholamines – Adrenal Pharmacology
• 02.04 Questions and Case Studies – Adrenal Pharmacology

Chapter 3 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 03. Reproductive Pharmacology

• 01. Overview – Reproductive Pharmacology
• 02. Estrogens and Progestins – Reproductive Pharmacology
• 03. Anti-Estrogens and Antiprogestins – Reproductive Pharmacology
• 04. Androgens and Antiandrogens
• 05. Questions and Case Studies – Reproductive Pharmacology

Chapter 4 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 04. Reproductive Hormone Disorders

• 01.01 Control of Adult Male Hormonal Secretion
• 01.02 Leydig and Sertoli Cells
• 01.03 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) Axis
• 01.04 Hypogonadism
• 01.05 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) Axis Differentials
• 01.06 Male Hypogonadism
• 02. Gynecomastia
• 03.01 Erectile Dysfunction and Peyronie-s Disease
• 03.02 Diagnoses of Reproductive Syndromes and Deficiencies
• 03.03 Hermaphroditism
• 03.04 Diagnoses of Reproductive Hormone Disorders– Reproductive Pathology
• 03.05 Antiandrogen (Androgen Reseptor Antagonists)

Chapter 5 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 06. Pregnancy Complications

• 01. MiscarriageSpontaneous Abortion
• 02. Ectopic Pregnancy
• 03. Placental Abnormalities
• 04. Preeclampsia
• 05. Hydatidiform Mole
• 06. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD)

Chapter 6 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 07. Ovarian Diseases

• 01. Benign Cysts
• 02. Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOS)
• 03. Ovarian Tumors
• 04. Types of Ovarian Tumors Epithelial Tumors
• 05. Types of Ovarian Tumors Endometrioid Tumors
• 06. Types of Ovarian Tumors Germ Cell Tumors
• 07. Types of Ovarian Tumors Maturing Teratoma
• 08. Types of Ovarian Tumors Dysgerminoma
• 09. Types of Ovarian Tumors Endodermal Sinus Tumor
• 10. Types of Ovarian Tumors Choriocarcinoma
• 11. Types of Ovarian Tumors Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors and Granulosa-Theca Tumor
• 12. Types of Ovarian Tumors Metastatic Ovarian Tumors

Chapter 7 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 08. Disorders of Vulva- Vagina and Cervix

• 01.01 Introduction to Female Reproductive Pathology esp. the Vulva
• 01.02 Vestibular Glands Bartholin Cyst and Vestibular Adenitis
• 01.03 Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Simplex Chronicus
• 01.04 Condyloma Acuminatum
• 02. Vaginal Cancer
• 03.01 Normal Cervix
• 03.02 Cervical Histology
• 03.03 Cervical Cancer Pathogenesis
• 03.04 Cervical Cancer Risk Factors

Chapter 8 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 09. Uterine and Fallopian Tube Disease

• 01.01 Anatomy of the Normal Uterus
• 01.02 Causes of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
• 01.03 Anovulatory Cycle
• 01.04 Endometrial Polyp
• 01.05 Leiomyoma vs. Leiomyosarcoma
• 01.06 Endometrial Hyperplasia
• 01.07 Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
• 01.08 Endometriosis
• 02.01 Inflammation of the Fallopian Tube
• 02.02 Tumors and Cysts in the Fallopian Tube

Chapter 9 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 10. Male Reproductive System Diseases

• 01.01 Introduction to Male Reproductive Pathology
• 01.02 Penis Disorders Types and Clinical Representation
• 01.03 Cryptorchidism
• 01.04 Varicocele
• 01.05 Testicular Torsion
• 01.06 Scrotal Mass- Congenital- and Acquired Hydrocele and Spermatocele
• 02.01 Testicular Cancer
• 02.02 Types of Germ Cell Tumors (GCT)
• 02.03 Types of Non Germ Cell Tumors
• 02.04 Prostatitis (Prostate Infection) Types

Chapter 10 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 11. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

• 01. Candidiasis
• 02. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
• 03. Trichomonas Vaginalis
• 04. Gardnerella Vaginalis
• 05. Treponema Pallidum
• 06. Types of Syphilis
• 07. Haemophilus Ducreyi
• 08. Chlamydia Trachomatis
• 09. Neisseria Gonorrhea
• 10. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Chapter 11 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 12. Bone Disease

• 01.01 Osteoporosis Introduction and Causes
• 01.02 Osteoporosis Risk Factors
• 01.03 Osteoporosis Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
• 01.04 Osteoporosis Treatment and Management
• 02. Paget's Disease of Bone

Chapter 12 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 13. Parathyroid Gland Disorders

• 01. Overview of Calcium Metabolism Disorders
• 02.01 Hypercalcemia Definition and Clinical Manifestation
• 02.02 Hypercalcemia Types and Causes
• 02.03 Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Effects of Hyperparathyroidism
• 02.04 Clinical Features of Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
• 02.05 Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
• 02.06 Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism (THPT)
• 02.07 Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia and Knowledge Check
• 02.08 Treatment of Severe Hypercalcemia
• 03.01 Hypocalcemia Differential Analysis of Causes
• 03.02 Hypoparathyroidism
• 03.03 Pseudohypoparathyroidism
• 03.04 Acute Hypocalcemia
• 04.01 Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D Production and Effects
• 04.02 Rickets
• 04.03 Differential Analyses of Vitamin D Dysfunction and Deficiency
• 04.04 Interpretation of Serum Calcium and Serum Phophate Levels

Chapter 13 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 14. Adrenal Gland Disorders

• 01.01 Introduction and hypothamalamus - adrenal cortex
• 01.02 Overview of the Adrenal Gland – Adrenal Cortex
• 01.03 Cortisol and Aldosterone Synthesis – Adrenal Cortex
• 01.04 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) – Adrenal Cortex
• 01.05 Adrenal Incidentalomas – Adrenal Cortex
• 02.01 Hyperaldosteronism
• 02.02 Hypoaldosteronism
• 03.01 Introduction to Cortisol and Hypercortisolism – Adrenal Gland
• 03.02 Introduction to Cushing’s Syndrome – Adrenal Gland
• 03.03 Screening Tests for Hypercortisolism – Adrenal Gland
• 03.04 Management of Cushing’s Syndrome – Adrenal Gland
• 04.01 Adrenal Insufficiency Definition and Etiology
• 04.02 Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome and Addison-s Disease – Adrenal Insufficiency
• 04.03 Diagnosis – Adrenal Insufficiency
• 04.04 Glucocorticoids in Pharmacology – Adrenal Insufficiency
• 04.05 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) – Adrenal Insufficiency
• 05.01 Sympathoadrenal System and Catecholamine – Adrenal Medulla
• 05.02 Pheochromocytoma – Adrenal Medulla
• 05.03 Heridity Disorders von - Andrenal Medulla

Chapter 14 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 15. Thyroid Gland Disorders

• 01.01 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis (HPT-Axis)
• 01.02 Thyroid Hormone Function
• 01.03 Thyroid Function Tests
• 02.01 Euthyroid Hyperthyroxinemia – Euthyroid Conditions
• 02.02 Euthyroid Hypothyroxinemia – Euthyroid Conditions
• 02.03 Differential Diagnoses and T3-Resin Uptake – Euthyroid Conditions
• 03. Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
• 04.01 Introduction and Graves- Disease - Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
• 04.02 Graves' Disease Treatment – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
• 04.03 Thyroiditis – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
• 04.04 Amiodarone Induced Thyroiditis – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
• 04.05 Thyroid Storm and Subclinical Hyperthyroidism – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
• 04.06 Differential Diagnoses – Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)
• 05.01 Introduction – Hypothyroidism
• 05.02 Hashimoto’s Disease – Hypothyroidism
• 05.03 Cretinism – Hypothyroidism
• 05.04 Diagnostic Tests – Hypothyroidism
• 06. Goiter and Thyroid Nodules
• 06.01 Thyroid Adenomas and Thyroid Carcinomas
• 06.02 Types of Thyroid Carcinoma
• 07. Maternal-Fetal Thyroid Pathology

Chapter 15 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 16. Pituitary Gland Disorders

• 01.01 Actions of ADH
• 01.02 Dysregulation of ADH
• 01.03 Central Diabetes Insipidus
• 01.04 SIADH Clinical Presentation
• 01.05 SIADH Diagnosis and Treatment
• 01.06 Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) Differential Diagnoses
• 02.01 Cell Types
• 02.02 Types of Peptide Hormones
• 02.03 Hypothalamic Hormones
• 03.01 Hypopituitarism
• 03.02 Pituitary Apoplexy and Sheehan’s Syndrome
• 03.03 Pituitary Sellar Masses
• 03.04 Hyperprolactinemia
• 03.05 Control of Growth Hormone Release
• 03.06 Acromegaly (Growth Hormone Excess)

Chapter 16 Lecturio - Endocrinology: 17. Pancreatic Disease and Diabetes

• 01.01 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) – Enteroendocrine Tumors
• 01.02 Gastrinoma – Enteroendocrine Tumors
• 01.03 Glucagonoma (Alpha Cell Tumor) – Enteroendocrine Tumors
• 01.04 VIPoma – Enteroendocrine Tumors
• 02.01 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Insulin – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones
• 02.02 Glucose Homeostasis – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones
• 02.03 Mechanism of Insulin Action and Types of Metabolism – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones
• 02.04 Glucagon Actions and Effects from α-Cells – Endocrine Pancreatic Hormones
• 03.01 Overview of Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia
• 03.02 Types of Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia
• 03.03 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia
• 03.04 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia
• 03.05 Secondary Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia
• 03.06 Metabolic Syndrome – Hyperglycemia
• 03.07 Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus – Hyperglycemia
• 04.01 Acute and Chronic Diabetes Complications
• 04.02 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) – Diabetes Complications
• 04.03 Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic State – Diabetes Complications
• 04.04 Diabetic Retinopathy (Diabetic Eye Disease) – Diabetes Complications
• 04.05 Diabetic Nephropathy (Diabetic Kidney Disease) – Diabetes Complications
• 04.06 Diabetic Neuropathy Autonomic Neuropathy – Diabetes Complications
• 04.07 Diabetes Skin Manifestations Acanthosis Nigricans and Necrobiosis Lipoidica – Diabetes Complications
• 05.01 Insulin Therapy and Types – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
• 05.02 Somogyi Effect and Dawn Phenomenon – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
• 05.03 Treatment of Insulin Overdose – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
• 05.04 Oral Agents for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
• 05.05 Glucose Monitoring Glucometer and Hemaglobin A1C – Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus